Humanism, system of education and mode of inquiry that originated in northern Italy during the 13th and 14th centuries and later spread through western Europe. The term is alternatively applied to a variety of Western beliefs, methods, and philosophies that place central emphasis on the human realm.

humanism, Any belief, method, or philosophy that has a central emphasis on the human realm. The term is most commonly applied to the cultural movement in Renaissance Europe …

This statement serves to clarify the two primary definitions of humanism. First of all, humanism was a movement that arose during the 14th century in Italy. The time in which humanism flourished was called the Renaissance, which means “rebirth.” Humanism was, in fact, the essence of the Renaissance.

But most of all it was the general spirit of humanism—critical, ebullient, precise, focused on the physical world, and passionate in its quest for results—that fostered the development of the scientific spirit in social studies and natural philosophy.

Humanism - Renaissance, Education, Philosophy: During the 14th century, humanism strengthened, diversified, and spread, with Florence remaining at its epicentre. The three figures who were most critical to the rise of the humanist movement during this period were Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Salutati.

Humanism - Renaissance, Education, Philosophy: Underlying the early expressions of humanism were principles and attitudes that gave the movement a unique character and would shape its future development.

Humanists also take issue with the deterministic orientation of psychoanalysis, which postulates that one’s early experiences and drives determine one’s behaviour. The humanist is concerned with the fullest growth of the individual in the areas of love, fulfillment, self-worth, and autonomy.

Humanism - Renaissance, Art, Philosophy: Humanistic themes and techniques were woven deeply into the development of Italian Renaissance art. Conversely, the general theme of “art” was prominent in humanistic discourse.

…set by Heidegger’s 1947 “Letter on Humanism,” which the German philosopher intended as a rejoinder to French existential humanism as represented by Sartre.

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