Background: Arteriovenous (AV) grafts often develop severe complications of stenosis due to neointimal proliferation that occurs either at the venous anastomosis site or at the outflow receiving vein.

Translated literally as “hollowed chest,” pectus excavatum, referred to as sunken chest or funnel chest, is the most common chest wall deformity seen in children. An overgrowth of the rib cartilages ...