Frequency stabilization of lasers to optical reference cavities is a well-established method for achieving superior stability ...

Scientists at NPL recently published findings on laser frequency stabilization, demonstrating an unprecedented level of ...

Chinese astronomers have observed an X-ray binary system designated IGR J19294+1816. As a result, they discovered multiple ...

Besides the ability to use longer cable runs, the optical connectivity spec covers network-like switching capabilities and ...

Vodafone, Nokia, Qualcomm and Xiaomi completed a 5G network trial delivering a 25 per cent increase in download throughput.

The PCIe 7.0 specification has been released, offering a data rate of up to 128GT/s, or a bi-directional transfer rate of ...

PCI-SIG announces the official release of next-gen PCIe 7.0 spec: up to 128GT/s bandwidth for next-gen AI, 800G Ethernet, cloud, and quantum computing.

Broadband ISP and mobile operator Vodafone have announced that they've "successfully completed tests of a major 5G software enhancement" with Nokia, Qualcomm Te ...

Amplitude modulation (AM) was first introduced to enable long-range wireless audio communication, representing a major advancement over wireless telegraphy using spark-gap transmitters. Understanding ...

Fig.1: NRZ signal (top) and eye diagram (bottom). Pulse amplitude modulation builds upon this concept by encoding data across multiple voltage levels. PAM4 uses four levels. A PAM4 signal can appear ...