The working length (WL) was established 1 mm short of the apical foramen and the root canal was instrumented up to a size 50 K-file (apical stop). After that, the root canals were instrumented by a ...

root filling removal technique and cleaning of the apical foramen, concerning the amount of debris extruded during root canal retreatment. Forty mandibular incisors were randomly assigned to 4 groups ...