What appalled and obsessed Victor Hugo most was the seemingly “normal nature” of the French regime, even as it committed acts ...

Its origin can be traced to the basic uniform for British troops during World War II. ... During the Napoleonic Wars, a Prussian officer observed that his troops were struggling with their boots.

Carl von Clausewitz’s On War remains one of the foundational texts on strategy. It’s quoted in war colleges, cited in white ...

Shoulder straps containing stripes on a pilot’s uniform are called epaulets (also sometimes written as epaulettes), a term derived from the word épaule, which means “shoulder” in French.

In one lightning-fast campaign, Napoleon crushed the once-feared Prussian army. Jena-Auerstedt wasn’t just a battle—it was a reckoning.

Napoleon had escaped from exile on Elba and was now restored to power in France. The British and their Prussian allies had been gathering their forces ready for action ever since. The Duke of Richmond ...