Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement ... which he had earlier founded in Jamaica as a fraternal organization. Drawing on a gift for oratory, he melded Jamaican peasant aspirations ...

Marcus Garvey. Haji Malcolm’s introduction to nationalism ... the paradigmatic and foundational urban nationalism from which all nationalists draw in various ways. In explaining his embrace ...

Marcus Garvey's avocation of African redemption and ... In 1945, when World War II was drawing to a close the 5th Pan-African Congress was called in Manchester, England. Some of the conventioneers ...