Abstract: This note presents a (new) basic formula for sample-path-based estimates for performance gradients for Markov systems (called policy gradients in reinforcement learning literature). With ...

The article written by Percy E. Ludgate in 1909 first gives thanks to Professor C. V. Boys, F.R.S. for his assistance on the subject of analytical machines. Ludgate also refers to the work of Charles ...

The most basic way to calculate the ROI of a marketing ... as a percentage of the total cost of the campaign. The formula for this is: ROI = (Sales growth- Marketing Cost) / Marketing Cost.

Food Standards Australia and New Zealand has urged anyone who bought Stage 1 Coco2 Infant Formula 800g, Stage 2 Coco2 ...