and are positioned at an angle θ i (with respect to the horizontal axis), for i = 1, …, 4. The response is the distance from the end of the robot arm to the origin, on the (u, v)-plane. θ 1 ∈ [0, 2π] ...

We’ve seen industrial robotic arms in real life. We’ve seen them in classrooms and factories. Before today, we’ve never mistaken a homemade robotic arm for one of the price-of-a-new-home ...