Piers are large columns or walls typically made of concrete that transfer the weight of the bridge to the foundation below. Old concrete is like a sponge and when water and salt get in there it ...

More than half of the bridges in the United States are now rated as "fair" in the 2024 National Bridge Inventory database. Before 2013, the majority of the more than 473,440 bridges in the inventory ...

The deck and superstructure are in fair condition which means it is structurally sound, but may have minor sections of loss, cracking, spalling or scour (erosion of sand around the bridge foundation ...

Further, when exposed to intense heat, moisture trapped within the concrete expands, causing the surface to crack and break off chunks in a process known as spalling. Finally, Bundy noted that the ...

Overview of Parking Garage Infrastructure and the Role of Structural Engineers - Reinforced concrete parking garages are a ...