The confirmed and promising osteoporosis susceptibility genes are clustered in three biological pathways: the estrogen endocrine pathway, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and the RANK/RANKL ...

Estrogen functions through binding of two different ... Inhibiting bone resorption via an effect on the RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling pathway (see following section); Enhancing bone formation by ...