Ophiuroidea and Crinoidea), and their evolutionary association to the deuterostome lineage, have yet to be explored systematically using either loss- or gain-of-function assays, or using the ...

TABLE 1. SWOT analysis of animal species for immunotoxicological assessment. All these invertebrate models have the advantage of complying with the 3R principle of reducing, refining, and replacing ...

The Ras superfamily of small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are a large group of small GTP-binding proteins, which play crucial roles in basic cellular processes in all eukaryotes. In this study, ...