A reference model is a virtual model which defines how communication should take place. It logically divides the processes which are required for the communication into layers. This concept is known ...

Getting started on designing a network is a task of formidable proportions, but all the more so if you are looking to build a secure IT network. Often, IT system administrators are not fully familiar ...

Trying to understand every detail involved in creating an embedded product that communicates via Internet protocols can be a daunting task. These protocols were created for systems that generally have ...

Do you remember when we used multi-protocol routing for IPX, AppleTalk, and TCP/IP running on the same network? In the 1980s and early 1990s many enterprises had multiple protocols running on the ...

This article examines netstat and some of it many outputs, in relation to the open systems interconnect (OSI) model. A quick examination of netstat's man pages provides a description of the program: ...