In this example, N is 10 and N-1 would be 9. The result is a sample variance of 82.5/9 = 9.17 and a population variance of 8.25. Note that the standard deviation is the square root of the variance ...

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For the former, estimates use the full sample size, but bias reduction is achieved through more variable and extreme weights, which tends to increase the variance of survey estimates. For the latter, ...

Variance component approaches, such as efficient mixed-model association (EMMA), can correct for a wide range of sample structures by explicitly accounting for pairwise relatedness between ...

Ignoring the sample structure increases the rate of false positive association results 1,2. Here, we describe a new variance component–based two-step method, GRAMMAR-Gamma, which is a fast ...

Companies use variance analysis to compare financial performance changes from one month to the next, or perhaps from one quarter to another or year to year. Typically, actual financial results are ...