Early and somewhat rudimentary studies on the negative effects of smoking cigarettes began exposing the causal relation ... long-term data and include non-smokers in their participant sample, which ...

We calculated that a sample of 1114 participants would ... age that the participant started smoking, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, previous quit attempts, and Fagerström score.

Stating “Caution: Cigarette Smoking May Be Hazardous to Your Health,” it was also the first such warning for tobacco in the world. The message had been watered down from what was originally ...