In 13 patients, a second attempt changing puncture site was necessary, while 2 patients required conversion to a surgical approach because of fibrotic or collapsed vein. Mean operating time was 51 ...

Techniques for blood collection from the rat include puncture of the heart, retro-orbital plexus, jugular vein, saphenous vein, tail blood vessels, carotid artery, abdominal aorta, and vena cava.