All systems can be understood using an input-process-output (IPO) model, and the system we call “innovation” is no exception. This model is likely familiar to you from information technology and ...

Industrial control systems can be categorized in two types: open-loop and closed-loop systems. The open-loop control system is a continuous control system that provides no feedback from its output.

Even when change is good, most of us would rather run the other way when we see it coming. This is simply human nature, especially when a system seems to be working satisfactorily. But the reality is ...