130 nondiabetic children with confirmed islet autoantibodies to insulin, GAD65, IA-2, and/or ZnT8 longitudinally followed for 12 ± 3.7 years; and 181 age-matched, healthy, antibody-negative children.

Long-acting insulin helps people with diabetes maintain normal blood sugar levels throughout the day. Unlike short-acting insulin, it never peaks, keeping an even sugar level in your blood.

Rituximab is remarkably effective in blocking de novo antibody responses and may be able to suppress both IAAs and insulin antibodies (the latter induced by injections of human insulin).