Their work, published in Angewandte Chemie, shows how the Heck Reaction (which uses palladium as a catalyst to bond carbon molecules) can make it easier and more practical to produce indoline ...

Reduction reactions can also occur through catalytic cycles, of course ... that can formally liberate an electron affording the Heck coupling product (step 6). The electron as the catalyst ...

Heck then demonstrated in 1968 that the reaction can be made catalytic ... The Pd(0) species formed is now ready to enter another catalytic cycle. Other researchers have also contributed to ...