a square fractal. He was a key figure of the Warsaw School of Mathematics, which thrived in the interwar period. He is also recognised for his contribution to the development of set theory, not only ...

Chaos theory explains why some phenomena are unpredictable even ... get magnified so much as to make predictions impossible. Fractals are geometric objects that have a very complicated structure yet ...

In a discovery that brings a legendary quantum theory to life, physicists at Princeton University have directly observed Hofstadter’s butterfly — a fractal pattern in electron energy levels ...

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