The codes were used during the wars of Italy by the "Catholic King." A painting of King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Imagno/Getty Images "These two letters now analyzed, allow experts to fully ...

Secret 500-year-old letters sent by King Ferdinand II of Aragon to one of his military commanders have finally been deciphered. Spain’s Army Museum called in experts from Spain’s intelligence ...

Crafty King Ferdinand II of Aragon's historic letters have baffled historians and code crackers for centuries. The letters were written in a code that contained more than 200 symbols, which looked ...

From reproductive rights to climate change to Big Tech, The Independent is on the ground when the story is developing. Whether it's investigating the financials of Elon Musk's pro-Trump PAC or ...

Spain's intelligence service has cracked the code used by King Ferdinand II of Aragon in letters to his top military commander, 500 years ago, solving one of the "great mysteries" of Spanish ...

The Tordesillas Treaty of June 7, 1494, between King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, on one side, and King John II of Portugal on the other, established a new line of ...

Ferdinand of Aragon's letters have tantalised historians for centuries. Constructed using more than 200 special characters, they were deciphered by the country's intelligence agency. He was behind ...