Ferdinand II’s coronation turned the Thirty Years’ War (1618-48), until then a series of armed scuffles between rival aristocrats and their militias, often over local issues (in one notorious ...

From reproductive rights to climate change to Big Tech, The Independent is on the ground when the story is developing. Whether it's investigating the financials of Elon Musk's pro-Trump PAC or ...

King Ferdinand II used the code to talk about war strategy. The Army Museum confirmed to ABC News that these codes were used during the wars of Italy by the "Catholic King" : "These two letters ...