and a similar electrochemical potential (about 200 millivolts [mV] across the membrane) as modern cells have. Russell has long maintained that natural proton gradients played a central role in ...

“While previous studies mostly focus on original system design and numerical simulation, we report a rational and universal ...

Redox enzymes are proteins that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons between ...

liquid cell, and attachment. Bruker’s exclusive SECPM is a patented method that provides potential mapping or in-situ imaging of the electrode surface with nanometer-scale resolution. The ...