This was the case of Prussia, a former duchy that in the early 1700s emerged from the shadow of Poland and the Holy Roman Empire. Growing to encompass much of northern and central Europe ...

neutral Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, seen as a promise that it would not be drawn into the crossfire between the great powers. Prussia withdrew its military forces, and Luxembourg ceased to be a ...

These were fought initially in the frozen countryside of Poland and East Prussia during the winter ... and brought about the birth of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and saw the Allies foiled once ...