Contest (or interference) competition is a direct form of interaction when resources are actively defended from other competitors. Examples include a song sparrow defending a territory or an oak ...

For example, a well documented mutualism ... Menge (1995) found that exploitive competition was the least common interaction, appearing only 2.8% of the time. Apparent Competition: Apparent ...

In a higher-order interaction, one competitor immediately modifies the competition between another two (for example, by changing individual traits). By contrast, in interaction chains, the ...

For example, the pharmaceutical industry often experiences imperfect competition due to patents that grant temporary monopolies to drug manufacturers. These barriers protect firms from new ...

“One species, often larger than the other, will kill and sometimes eat a competitor species to reduce competition over food ... the results from the study is yet another example of the complex ...

Researchers have challenged two prevailing explanations -- repeated interactions on the one hand or group competition on the other. Instead, both mechanisms synergistically contribute to fostering ...