An estimated 7.5 million South Africans live in the so-called independent homelands: Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana and Venda. 127 Each of these "independent" states has its own prison system.

At the height of ‘grand apartheid’, the South African government under Hendrik Verwoerd produced a diabolical scheme to grant independence to 10 ‘homelands’ – Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Venda, ...