There are many different varieties of modulation but they all fall into three basic categories, namely amplitude modulation, frequency modulation and phase modulation, although frequency and phase ...

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That is phase, amplitude, and frequency modulation all combined in the form of FFT/IFFT. I think of simple digital phase modulation as discrete changes in phase. Bi-phase modulation would be 180 ...

Amplitude modulation methods like ASK/OOK and QAM are far more susceptible to noise so they have a higher BER for a given modulation. Phase and frequency modulation (BPSK, FSK, etc.) fare better ...

In quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), both amplitude and phase modulation are used to create different binary states for transmission (see QAM). AM is also used to modulate light waves in ...

Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM) are two fundamental modulation techniques. In AM, the strength (amplitude) of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the waveform of ...

Scientists at NPL recently published findings on laser frequency stabilization, demonstrating an unprecedented level of ...